哲学与宗教
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可以朗读
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352千字
字数
2007-08-01
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主编推荐语
法国启蒙时代的著名思想家孟德斯鸠代表作,本书是第三卷。
内容简介
本书首先界定了法律的定义,认定法律是与地理、土壤、气候、人种、风俗、习惯、宗教信仰、人口和商业等关系的综合。接着根据品德、荣誉和恐惧三项原则将政治体制划分为共和、君主、专治三种,并提出了立法、行政、司法三权分立制和君主立宪学说,宣扬了“地理环境决定论”的观点,强调政治、法律和地理环境的关系,认为法律的制定受到地理环境、尤其是气候、土壤的决定影响,并探讨了罗马法、法律变革等法律问题。
目录
- 版权信息
- PART IV
- BOOK 21 On Laws In Their Relation To Commerce,Considered In The Revolutions It Has Had In The World
- CHAPTER 1 Some General Considerations
- CHAPTER 2 On The Peoples Of Africa
- CHAPTER 3 That The Needs Of The Peoples Of The South Are Different From Those Of The Peoples Of The North
- CHAFFER 4 The Principal Difference Between The Commerce Of The Ancients And That Of Today
- CHAPTER 5 Other Differences
- CHAPTER 6 On The Commerce Of The Ancients
- CHAPTER 7 On The Commerce Of The Greeks
- CHAPTER 8 On Alexander.His Conquest
- CHAPTER 9 On The Commerce Of The Greek Kings After Alexander
- CHAPTER 10 On Sailing Around Africa
- CHAPTER 11 Carthage And Marseilles
- CHAPTER 12 The Island Of Delos.Mithridates
- CHAPTER 13 On The Genius Of The Romans For Sailing
- CHAPTER 14 On The Genius Of The Romans For Commerce
- CHAPTER 15 The Commerce Of The Romans With The Barbarians
- CHAPTER 16 On The Commerce Of The Romans With Arabia And The Indies
- CHAPTER 17 On Commerce After The Destruction Of The Romans In The West
- CHAPTER 18 A Particular Regulation
- CHAPTER 19 On Commerce After The Weakening Of The Romans In The East
- CHAPTER 20 How Commerce In Europe Penetrated Barbarism
- CHAPTER 21 The Discovery Of Two New Worlds:The State Of Europe In This Regard
- CHAPTER 22 On The Wealth That Spain Drew From America
- CHAPTER 23 A Problem
- 第二十一章 就世界已发生之革命论与贸易相关的法律
- 第一节 一些总体思考
- 第二节 非洲的民族
- 第三节 南北方各民族需要的不同
- 第四节 古今贸易的主要不同
- 第五节 其他差异
- 第六节 古代贸易
- 第七节 希腊人的贸易
- 第八节 亚历山大与他的远征
- 第九节 亚历山大之后希腊诸国王的贸易
- 第十节 绕行非洲
- 第十一节 迦太基和马赛
- 第十二节 德洛斯岛与米特里达特
- 第十三节 罗马人航海的天资
- 第十四节 罗马人经商的天资
- 第十五节 罗马人同蛮族的贸易
- 第十六节 罗马人与阿拉伯和印度的贸易
- 第十七节 西罗马灭亡后的贸易
- 第十八节 一条特殊规定
- 第十九节 东罗马衰退后的贸易
- 第二十节 欧洲的贸易如何冲破野蛮
- 第二十一节 两个新世界的发现:与此相关之欧洲情况
- 第二十二节 西班牙从美洲吸收的财富
- 第二十三节 问题
- BOOK 22 On Laws In Their Relation To The Use Of Money
- CHAPTER 1 The Reason For The Use Of Money
- CHAPTER 2 On The Nature Of Money
- CHAPTER 3 On Ideal Monies
- CHAPTER 4 On The Quantity Of Gold And Silver
- CHAPTER 5 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 6 For What Reason The Price Of Usury Diminished By Half On The Discovery Of The Indies
- CHAPTER 7 How The Price Of Things Is Fixed When Wealth In Signs Varies
- CHAPTER 8 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 9 On The Relative Scarcity Of Gold And Silver
- CHAPTER 10 On The Exchange
- CHAPTER 11 On The Operations The Romans Performed On Monies
- CHAPTER 12 The Circumstances In Which The Romans Performed Their Operations On Money
- CHAPTER 13 Operations On The Monies At The Time Of The Emperors
- CHAPTER 14 How Exchange Hampers Despotic States
- CHAPTER 15 Usage Of Several Countries Of Italy
- CHAPTER 16 On The Aid The State Can Draw From Bankers
- CHAPTER 17 On Public Debts
- CHAPTER 18 On The Payment Of Public Debts
- CHAPTER 19 On Lending At Interest
- CHAPTER 20 On Maritime Usuries
- CHAPTER 21 On The Loan By Contract And On Usury Among The Romans
- CHAPTER 22 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- 第二十二章 与货币使用相关之法律
- 第一节 使用货币的理由
- 第二节 货币的性质
- 第三节 虚拟货币
- 第四节 金银的数量
- 第五节 续前
- 第六节 发现印度后,什么原因使高利率减少了一半
- 第七节 在标记性财富的变化中怎样确定商品的价值
- 第八节 续前
- 第九节 金与银的相对性稀少
- 第十节 兑换
- 第十一节 罗马人对货币采取的措施
- 第十二节 罗马人实施其货币措施的环境
- 第十三节 帝王时期的货币措施
- 第十四节 汇兑如何羁绊专制国家
- 第十五节 意大利某些国家的惯例
- 第十六节 国家能得到的银行家的资助
- 第十七节 公债
- 第十八节 公债的偿还
- 第十九节 有息贷款
- 第二十节 海事上的高利贷
- 第二十一节 罗马人的契约借贷和高利贷
- 第二十二节 续前
- BOOK 23 On Laws In Their Relation To The Number Of Inhabitants
- CHAPTER 1 On Men And Animals In Relation To The Multiplication Of Their Species Venus,Life-giver
- CHAPTER 2 On Marriages
- CHAPTER 3 On The Condition Of Children
- CHAPTER 4 On Families
- CHAPTER 5 On Various Orders Of Legitimate Wives
- CHAPTER 6 On Bastards In Various Governments
- CHAPTER 7 On The Fathers'Consent To Mrriage
- CHAPTER 8 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 9 On Girls
- CHAPTER 10 What Induces One To Marry
- CHAPTER 11 On The Harshness Of The Government
- CHAPTER 12 On The Number Of Girls And Boys In Different Countries
- CHAPTER 13 On Seaports
- CHAPTER 14 On The Products Of The Land That Require More Or Fewer Men
- CHAPTER 15 On The Number Of Inhabitants In Relation To The Arts
- CHAPTER 16 On The Views Of The Legislator Concerning The Propagation Of The Species
- CHAPTER 17 On Greece And The Number Of Its Inhabitants
- CHAPTER 18 On The State Of Peoples Before The Romans
- CHAPTER 19 Depopulation Of The Universe
- CHAPTER 20 That It Was Necessary For The Romans To Make Laws For The Propagation Of The Species
- CHAPTER 21 On Roman Laws Concerning The Propagation Of The Species
- CHAPTER 22 On The Exposure Of Children
- CHAPTER 23 On The State Of The Universe After The Destruction Of The Romans
- CHAPTER 24 Changes That Occurred In Europe In Relation To The Number Of Inhabitants
- CHAPTER 25 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 26 Consequences
- CHAPTER 27 On The Law Made In France To Encourage The Propagation Of The Species
- CHAPTER 28 How One Can Remedy Depopulation
- CHAPTER 29 On Poorhouses
- 第二十三章 法律与人口数量的关系
- 第一节 人与动物的种族繁衍
- 第二节 婚姻
- 第三节 子女的身份地位
- 第四节 家庭
- 第五节 不同等级的合法妻子
- 第六节 论不同政体下的私生子
- 第七节 父亲对婚姻的允许
- 第八节 续前
- 第九节 少女
- 第十节 决定婚姻的要素
- 第十一节 暴政
- 第十二节 不同国家的男女儿童数
- 第十三节 关于海港
- 第十四节 土地生产所需人力的多少
- 第十五节 居民和工艺的关系
- 第十六节 从立法者立场看种族繁衍问题
- 第十七节 关于希腊及其居民
- 第十八节 罗马之前的各民族情况
- 第十九节 世界人口的减少
- 第二十节 罗马人需要制定种族繁衍政策
- 第二十一节 罗马人有关种族繁衍的法律
- 第二十二节 遗弃孩子
- 第二十三节 罗马灭亡后的世界情况
- 第二十四节 欧洲发生的变化与人口的关系
- 第二十五节 续前
- 第二十六节 结论
- 第二十七节 法国制定的鼓励人口增加的法律
- 第二十八节 如何对人口减退实行补救
- 第二十九节 关于救济院
- BOOK 24 On The Laws In Their Relation To The Religion Established In Each Country,Examined In Respect To Its Practices And Within Itself
- CHAPTER 1 On Religions In General
- CHAPTER 2 Bayle's Paradox
- CHAPTER 3 That Moderate Government Is Better Suited To The Christian Religion,And Despotic Government To Mohammedanism
- CHAPTER 4 Consequences Of The Character Of The Christian Religion And Of That Of The Mohammedan Religion
- CHAPTER 5 That The Catholic Religion Better Suits A Monarchy And That The Protestant Religion Is Better Adapted To A Republic
- CHAPTER 6 Another Of Bayle's Paradoxes
- CHAPTER 7 On The Laws Of Perfection In Religion
- CHAPTER 8 On The Agreement Of The Laws Of Morality With Those Of Religion
- CHAPTER 9 On The Essenes
- CHAPTER 10 On The Stoic Sect
- CHAPTER 11 On Contemplation
- CHAPTER 12 On Penances
- CHAPTER 13 On Inexpiable Crimes
- CHAPTER 14 How The Force Of Religion Bears On That Of The Civil Laws
- CHAPTER 15 How The Civil Laws Sometimes Correct False Religions
- CHAPTER 16 How The Laws Of Religion Correct The Defects Of The Political Constitution
- CHAPTER 17 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 18 How The Laws Of Religion Have The Effect Of Civil Laws
- CHAPTER 19 That It Is Less The Truth Or Falsity Of A Dogma That Makes It Useful Or Pernicious To Men In The Civil State Than The Use Or Abuse Made Of It
- CHAPTER 20 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 21 On Metempsychosis
- CHAPTER 22 How Dangerous It Is For Religion To Inspire Horror For Indifferent Things
- CHAPTER 23 On Festivals
- CHAPTER 24 On Local Religious Laws
- CHAPTER 25 The Drawback In Transferring A Religion From One Country To Another
- CHAPTER 26 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- 第二十四章 论各国建立的宗教及宗教自身与法律的关系
- 第一节 宗教通论
- 第二节 贝尔的悖论
- 第三节 温和政体更适合基督教,专制政体更适合伊斯兰教
- 第四节 基督教和伊斯兰教特质所产生的结果
- 第五节 天主教更适合君主制,耶稣新教更适合共和制
- 第六节 贝尔的另一个悖论
- 第七节 宗教中尽善尽美的法律
- 第八节 宗教法规与道德法规的协调一致
- 第九节 古犹太教戒行派教徒
- 第十节 斯多葛派
- 第十一节 沉思
- 第十二节 苦行
- 第十三节 无法赎出的罪行
- 第十四节 宗教力量如何影响法律
- 第十五节 法律有时如何矫正虚伪的宗教
- 第十六节 宗教法规如何消除政体的弊病
- 第十七节 续前
- 第十八节 宗教法规如何产生法律效力
- 第十九节 一个教义对文明国家人民的有利或者有害,更多的在于它的滥用与否,而不在于其真伪
- 第二十节 续前
- 第二十一节 轮回说
- 第二十二节 宗教激发的对无关紧要的事物所产生的厌恶有多危险
- 第二十三节 节日
- 第二十四节 宗教的地方性戒律
- 第二十五节 将一种宗教从一国输入入另一国的缺陷
- 第二十六节 续前
- PART V
- BOOK 25 On The Laws In Their Relation With The Establishment Of The Religion Of Each Country,And Of Its External Police
- CHAPTER 1 On The Feeling For Religion
- CHAPTER 2 On The Motive For Attachment To The Various Religions
- CHAPTER 3 On Temples
- CHAPTER 4 On The Ministers Of Religion
- CHAPTER 5 On The Limits That The Laws Should Set On The Wealth Of The Clergy
- CHAPTER 6 On Monasteries
- CHAPTER 7 On The Luxury Of Superstition
- CHAPTER 8 On The Pontificate
- CHAPTER 9 On Toleration In Religious Matters
- CHAPTER 10 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 11 On Changing Religion
- CHAPTER 12 On Penal Laws
- CHAPTER 13 Very Humble Remonstrance To The Inquisitors Of Spain And Portugal
- CHAPTER 14 Why The Christian Religion Is So Odious In Japan
- CHAPTER 15 On The Propagation Of Religion
- 第五卷
- 第二十五章 法律和各国宗教的建立 及其外交政策的关系
- 第一节 对宗教的感情
- 第二节 信奉各种宗教的不同动机
- 第三节 寺庙
- 第四节 宗教人物
- 第五节 法律应对僧侣财富加以的限制
- 第六节 修道院
- 第七节 与迷信有关的奢侈
- 第八节 宗教领袖
- 第九节 宗教宽容
- 第十节 续前
- 第十一节 改变宗教
- 第十二节 刑法
- 第十三节 对西班牙和葡萄牙宗教审判所法官们极其谦卑的奉劝
- 第十四节 日本人为何对基督教那么厌恶
- 第十五节 宗教传播
- BOOK 26 On The Laws In The Relation They Should Have With The Order Of Things Upon Which They Are To Enact
- CHAPTER 1 The Idea Of This Book
- CHAPTER 2 On Divine Laws And Human Laws
- CHAPTER 3 On Civil Laws That Are Contrary To Natural Law
- CHAPTER 4 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 5 A Case In Which One Can Judge By The Principles Of Civil Right By Modifying The Principles Of Natural Law
- CHAPTER 6 That The Order Of Inheritance Depends On Principles Of Political Or Civil Right,And Not On Principles Of Natural Right
- CHAPTER 7 That One Must Not Decide By The Precepts Of Religion When Those Of Natural Law Are In Question
- CHAPTER 8 That Things Ruled By The Principles Of Civil Right Must Not Be Ruled By The Principles Of What Is Called Canonical Right
- CHAPTER 9 The Things That Should Be Ruled By The Principles Of Civil Right Can Rarely Be Ruled By Principles Of The Laws Of Religion
- CHAPTER 10 In What Case One Must Follow The Civil Law That Permits And Not The Religious Law That Forbids
- CHAPTER 11 That Human Tribunals Must Not Be Ruled By The Maxims Of The Tribunals That Regard The Next Life
- CHAPTER 12 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 13 In Which Case The Laws Of Religion Must Be Followed In Regard To Marriages,And In Which Case The Civil Laws Must Be Followed
- CHAPTER 14 In Which Cases Of Marriages Between Relatives Must One Be Ruled By The Laws Of Nature,And In Which Cases Should One Be Ruled By Civil Laws
- CHAPTER 15 That Things That Depend On Principles Of Civil Right Must Not Be Ruled By Principles Of Political Right
- CHAPTER 16 That One Must Not Decide By The Rules Of Civil Right When It Is A Matter To Be Decided By Those Of Political Right
- CHAPTER 17 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 18 That One Must Examine Whether Laws That Appear To Be Contradictory Are Of The Same Order
- CHAPTER 19 That Things That Should Be Decided By Domestic Laws Must Not Be Decided By The Civil Laws
- CHAPTER 20 That Things That Belong To The Right Of Nations Must Not Be Decided By The Principles Of Civil Laws
- CHAPTER 21 That Things That Belong To The Right Of Nations Must Not Be Decided By Political Laws
- CHAPTER 22 The Unhappy Lot Of The Inca Atahualpa
- CHAPTER 23 That When,By Some Circumstances,The Political Law Destroys The State,Decisions Must Be Made By The Political Law That Preserves It,Which Sometimes Becomes A Right Of Nations
- CHAPTER 24 That The Regulations Of A Police Are Of Another Order Than The Other Civil Laws
- CHAPTER 25 That One Must Not Follow The General Provisions Of The Civil Right When It Is A Question Of Things That Should Be Subjected To Particular Rules Drawn From Their Own Nature
- 第二十六章 法律和它所规定的事物秩序应有的关系
- 第一节 本章宗旨
- 第二节 神的法律和人的法律
- 第三节 与自然法对立的民法
- 第四节 续前
- 第五节 根据自然法原则的修改而按照民法原则进行审判的情况
- 第六节 继承的顺序应依赖于政治法或民法的原则,而不是自然法的原则
- 第七节 当一些自然法有问题时,不应当由宗教的箴言来决定
- 第八节 应根据民法原则判决的事情绝不可按所谓的寺院法的原则来处理
- 第九节 应由民法原则规定的事情几乎不能按宗教法的原则规定进行处理
- 第十节 什么场合应遵循民法所允许的而不是宗教法所禁止的
- 第十一节 人类法庭不应当以关于来世法庭的箴言为规则
- 第十二节 续前
- 第十三节 关于婚姻,在何种情况下必须遵照宗教法,在何种情况下必须遵照民法
- 第十四节 亲属婚姻,在何种情况下应按自然法的规定,在何种情况下应按民法的规定
- 第十五节 建立在民法原则上的事就不应当采用政治法的原则来处理
- 第十六节 应当根据政治法规则来裁决的就不要依照民法规则来裁决
- 第十七节 续前
- 第十八节 应当研究外表看似矛盾的法律是否属于同一体系
- 第十九节 应根据家法来决定的就不应依照民法决定
- 第二十节 属于国际法的事不应按民法的原则判定
- 第二十一节 属于国际法的事不应按政治法来裁定
- 第二十二节 印加人阿杜阿尔巴的不幸命运
- 第二十三节 在某些情况下,当政治法要使国家毁灭时,就应当根据保存国家的政治法作出决定,它有时可以成为一种国际法
- 第二十四节 警察规则和别的民法不属于同一系统
- 第二十五节 在问题应服从由事物自身的本性得出的特殊规则时,就不要按照民法的一般规则
- PART Ⅵ
- BOOK 27 Only Chapter.On The Origin And Revolutions Of The Roman Laws On Inheritance
- 第六卷
- 第二十七章 唯一的一节
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出版方
中国社会科学出版社
中国社会科学出版社成立于1978年6月,是由中国社会科学院创办并主管的以出版人文社会科学学术著作为主的国家级出版社。1993年和1998年先后荣获中共中央宣传部和国家新闻出版总署授予的全国优秀出版社称号。1993年第一批荣获中共中央宣传部和国家新闻出版署授予的全国优秀出版社称号。