哲学与宗教
类型
可以朗读
语音朗读
367千字
字数
2007-08-01
发行日期
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主编推荐语
法国启蒙时代的著名思想家孟德斯鸠代表作,本书是第四卷。
内容简介
本书首先界定了法律的定义,认定法律是与地理、土壤、气候、人种、风俗、习惯、宗教信仰、人口和商业等关系的综合。接着根据品德、荣誉和恐惧三项原则将政治体制划分为共和、君主、专治三种,并提出了立法、行政、司法三权分立制和君主立宪学说,宣扬了“地理环境决定论”的观点,强调政治、法律和地理环境的关系,认为法律的制定受到地理环境、尤其是气候、土壤的决定影响,并探讨了罗马法、法律变革等法律问题。
目录
- 版权信息
- BOOK 28 On The Origin And Revolutions Of The Civil Laws Among The French
- CHAPTER 1 On The Different Character Of The Laws Of The German Peoples
- CHAPTER 2 That The Laws Of The Barbarians Were All Personal
- CHAPTER 3 The Chief Difference Between The Salic Laws And The Laws Of The Visigoths And The Burgundians
- CHAPTER 4 How The Roman Right Was Lost In The Land Under The Domain Of The Franks And Was Preserved In The Land Under The Domain Of The Goths And Burgundians
- CHAPTER 5 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 6 How Roman Right Was Preserved In The Domain Of The Lombards
- CHAPTER 7 How Roman Right Was Lost In Spain
- CHAPTER 8 A False Capitulary
- CHAPTER 9 How The Codes Of Laws Of The Barbarians And The Capitularies Were Lost
- CHAPTER 10 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 11 Other Causes For The Downfall Of The Law Codes Of The Barbarians,Of The Roman Right,And Of The Capitularies
- CHAPTER 12 On Local Customs;The Revolution Of The Laws Of The Barbarian Peoples And That Of The Roman Right
- CHAPTER 13 The Difference Between The Salic Law,Or The Law Of The Salian Franks,And The Law Of The Ripuarian Franks And Of Other Barbarian Peoples
- CHAPTER 14 Another Difference
- CHAPTER 15 Reflection
- CHAPTER 16 On The Proof By Boiling Water Established By Salic Law
- CHAPTER 17 The Way Of Thinking Of Our Fathers
- CHAPTER 18 How Proof By Combat Was Extended
- CHAPTER 19 A New Reason For The Eclipse Of Salic Laws,Roman Laws,And The Capitularies
- CHAPTER 20 The Origin Of The Point Of Honor
- CHAPTER 21 New Reflection On The Point Of Honor Among The Germans
- CHAPTER 22 On The Mores Relative To Combat
- CHAPTER 23 On The Jurisprudence Of Judicial Combat
- CHAPTER 24 Regulations Established In Judicial Combat
- CHAPTER 25 On The Limits Put To The Usage Of Judicial Combat
- CHAPTER 26 On Judicial Combat Between One Of The Parties And One Of The Witnesses
- CHAPTER 27 On Judicial Combat Between A Party And One Of The Lord's Peers.Challenge Of False Judgment
- CHAPTER 28 On The Challenge For Default Of Right
- CHAPTER 29 The Age Of The Reign Of Saint Louis
- CHAPTER 30 Observations On Challenges
- CHAPTER 31 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 32 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 33 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 34 How Proceedings Became Secret
- CHAPTER 35 On Costs
- CHAPTER 36 On The Party For The Public
- CHAPTER 37 How The Establishments Of Saint Louis Were Eclipsed
- CHAPTER 38 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 39 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 40 How The Judicial Forms Were Taken From The Decretals
- CHAPTER 41 The Ebb And Flow Of Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction And Lay Jurisdiction
- CHAPTER 42 Rebirth Of Roman Right And Its Result.Changes In The Tribunals
- CHAPTER 43 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 44 On Proof By Witnesses
- CHAPTER 45 On Customs In France
- 第二十八章 法国民法的起源和变革
- 第一节 日耳曼各民族的不同法律特质
- 第二节 蛮族人的法律全是属人法
- 第三节 《萨利克法典》、《西哥特法》和《勃良第法》的主要差别
- 第四节 为何罗马法在法兰克人统治区消失了,而在哥特和勃艮第人统治区却保留了
- 第五节 续前
- 第六节 为何罗马法能在伦巴底人的领地保存下来
- 第七节 罗马法为何在西班牙消亡了
- 第八节 一道虚假敕令
- 第九节 蛮族人的法典和敕令是如何消亡的
- 第十节 续前
- 第十一节 蛮族人的法典、罗马法以及敕令消亡的其他原因
- 第十二节 当地习惯、蛮族法律和罗马法变革
- 第十三节 《萨利克法典》或《撒利安法兰克人法》以及《利普里安法兰克人法》和其他蛮族法律的区别
- 第十四节 另一种区别
- 第十五节 反思
- 第十六节 《萨利克法典》建立的开水取证
- 第十七节 我们祖辈的思考方式
- 第十八节 决斗取证是怎样扩散开的
- 第十九节 《萨利克法典》、《罗马法》以及《敕令》消失的一种新原因
- 第二十节 荣誉观念的起源
- 第二十一节 对日耳曼人荣誉观念的新思考
- 第二十二节 与决斗有关的习俗
- 第二十三节 有关决斗裁决的法学
- 第二十四节 决斗裁决设立的规则
- 第二十五节 对决斗裁决所施加的限制
- 第二十六节 诉讼人和证人之间的决斗裁决
- 第二十七节 诉讼者和领主家臣间的决斗裁决。对错误裁决的上诉
- 第二十八节 对权利懈怠过失的上诉
- 第二十九节 圣路易王朝的统治时代
- 第三十节 有关上诉的考察
- 第三十一节 续前
- 第三十二节 续前
- 第三十三节 续前
- 第三十四节 诉讼程序怎样变成秘密
- 第三十五节 诉讼的花费
- 第三十六节 公诉人
- 第三十七节 圣路易建立的《法制》是怎样被人们所遗忘的
- 第三十八节 续前
- 第三十九节 续前
- 第四十节 审判形式如何采自教皇的圣谕
- 第四十一节 教会裁判权和世俗裁判权的彼此消长
- 第四十二节 罗马法的再生及其后果。法庭的变化
- 第四十三节 续前
- 第四十四节 人证
- 第四十五节 法兰西的习惯
- BOOK 29 On The Way To Compose The Laws
- CHAPTER 1 On The Spirit Of The Legislator
- CHAPTER 2 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 3 That Laws Which Seem To Diverge From The Aims Of The Legislator Often Conform To Them
- CHAPTER 4 On Laws That Run Counter To The Aims Of The Legislator
- CHAPTER 5 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 6 That Laws That Appear The Same Do Not Always Have The Same Effect
- CHAPTER 7 Continuation Of The Same Subject.Necessity For Composing The Laws Well
- CHAPTER 8 That Laws That Appear The Same Have Not Always Had The Same Motive
- CHAPTER 9 That,Without Having The Same Motive,Both Greek And Roman Laws Punished The Killing Of Oneself
- CHAPTER 10 That Laws That Seem Contradictory Are Sometimes Derived From The Same Spirit
- CHAPTER 11 In What Way Two Different Laws Can Be Compared
- CHAPTER 12 That Laws That Seem Alike Are Sometimes Really Different
- CHAPTER 13 That Laws Must Not Be Separated From The Purpose For Which They Are Made.On The Roman Laws About Robbery
- CHAPTER 14 That Laws Must Not Be Separated From The Circumstances In Which They Were Made
- CHAPTER 15 That It Is Sometimes Well For A Law To Correct Itself
- CHAPTER 16 Things To Observe In The Composition Of Laws
- CHAPTER 17 A Bad Way Of Giving Laws
- CHAPTER 18 On Ideas Of Uniformity
- CHAPTER 19 On Legislators
- 第二十九章 制定法律的途径
- 第一节 立法者的精神
- 第二节 续前
- 第三节 看似和立法者意图相偏离的法律常常和这些意图相一致
- 第四节 违反立法者意图的法律
- 第五节 续前
- 第六节 看似相同的法律并不总有相同效果
- 第七节 续前制定良好法律的必要
- 第八节 看似相同的法律不一定总有相同动机
- 第九节 希腊和罗马法律都惩罚自杀,然而动机各不相同
- 第十节 看似相反的法律有时源于同一精神
- 第十一节 用什么方法对两种不同法律进行比较
- 第十二节 看似相同的法律有时实际不同
- 第十三节 不应该将法律和制定它们的目的分开。有关盗窃的罗马法
- 第十四节 不应该将法律和制定法律时的情况分开
- 第十五节 有时法律最好自我矫正
- 第十六节 制定法律应当注意的事项
- 第十七节 制定法律的一种恶劣方式
- 第十八节 一致的思想
- 第十九节 立法者
- BOOK 30 The Theory Of The Feudal Laws Among The Franks In Their Relation With The Establishment Of The Monarchy
- CHAPTER 1 On Feudal Laws
- CHAPTER 2 On The Sources Of The Feudal Laws
- CHAPTER 3 The Origin Of Vassalage
- CHAPTER 4 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 5 On The Conquest Of The Franks
- CHAPTER 6 On the Goths,Burgundians,and Franks
- CHAPTER 7 Different Ways Of Dividing The Lands
- CHAPTER 8 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 9 The Just Application Of The Law Of The Burgundians And That Of The Visigoths On The Division Of Lands
- CHAPTER 10 On Servitudes
- CHAPTER 11 Continuation of the same subject
- CHAPTER 12 That The Lands Divided By The Barbarians Did Not Pay Taxes
- CHAPTER 13 What Burdens Were borne By The Romans And The Gauls In The Monarchy Of The Franks
- CHAPTER 14 On What Was Called The“Census”
- CHAPTER 15 That What Was Called The“Census”Was Levied Only On Serfs And Not On Freemen
- CHAPTER 16 On Leudes Or Vassals
- CHAPTER 17 On The Military Service Of Freemen
- CHAPTER 18 On Double Service
- CHAPTER 19 On Settlements Among The Barbarian Peoples
- CHAPTER 20 On What Has Since Been Called The Justice Of The Lords
- CHAPTER 21 On The Territorial Justice Of The Churches
- CHAPTER 22 That The Justices Were Established Before The End Of The Reign Of The Carolingians
- CHAPTER 23 The General Idea Of The Book,On The Establishment Of The French Monarchy In Gaul,By The Abbé Dubos
- CHAPTER 24 Continuation Of The Same Subject.A Reflection On The Foundation Of The System
- CHAPPTER 25 On The French Nobility
- 第三十章 法兰克人的封建法律理论与君主国的建立
- 第一节 封建法律
- 第二节 封建法律的来源
- 第三节 封臣制度的起源
- 第四节 续前
- 第五节 法兰克人的征服地
- 第六节 哥特人、勃艮第人以及法兰克人
- 第七节 划分土地的不同方式
- 第八节 续前
- 第九节 《勃艮第法》和《西哥特法》在土地分配中的恰当实施
- 第十节 奴役
- 第十一节 续前
- 第十二节 蛮族人划分的土地不要缴纳赋税
- 第十三节 在法兰克君主国中罗马人和高卢人的赋税
- 第十四节 所谓“贡赋”
- 第十五节 仅仅向奴隶而不向自由人征收的所谓“贡赋”
- 第十六节 忠臣还是封臣
- 第十七节 自由人的兵役
- 第十八节 双重职务
- 第十九节 蛮族人的和解金
- 第二十节 一直以来所谓的领主司法权是什么
- 第二十一节 教会的属地司法权
- 第二十二节 建立于加洛林朝代末期的司法权
- 第二十三节 对杜波神父所著《在高卢建立的法兰西君主国》一书的总体意见
- 第二十四节 续前。对这一理论基础的思考
- 第二十五节 法国贵族
- BOOK 31 The Theory Of The Feudal Laws Among The Franks In Their Relation To The Revolutions Of Their Monarchy
- CHAPTER 1 Changes In The Offices And Fiefs
- CHAPTER 2 How The Civil Government Was Reformed
- CHAPTER 3 The Authority Of The Mayors Of The Palace
- CHAPTER 4 What The Genius Of The Nation Was In Regard To Mayors
- CHAPTER 5 How The Mayors Obtained The Command Of The Armies
- CHAPTER 6 Second Period Of Decline Of The Merovingian Kings
- CHAPTER 7 On The Great Offices And Fiefs Under The Mayors Of The Palace
- CHAPTER 8 How The Allods Were Changed Into Fiefs
- CHAPTER 9 How Ecclesiastical Goods Were Converted Into Fiefs
- CHAPTER 10 The Wealth Of The Clergy
- CHAPTER 11 The State Of Europe At The Time Of Charles Martel
- CHAPTER 12 The Establishment Of Tithes
- CHAPTER 13 On Elections Of Bishops And Abbots
- CHAPTER 14 On the fiefs of Charles Martel
- CHAPTER 15 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 16 Confusion Between Royalty And Mayoralty.The Carolingians
- CHAPTER 17 A Particular Matter In The Election Of The Carolingian kings
- CHAPTER 18 Charlemagne
- CHAPTER 19 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 20 Louis The Pious
- CHAPTER 21 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 22 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 23 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 24 That Freemen Became Qualified To Possess Fiefs
- CHAPTER 25 The Principal Cause For The Weakening Of The Carolingians.The Change In The Freeholds
- CHAPTER 26 Change In Fiefs
- CHAPTER 27 Another Change In The Fiefs
- CHAPTER 28 Changes That Occurred In The Great Offices And In The Fiefs
- CHAPTER 29 On The Nature Of Fiefs After The Reign Of Charles The Bald
- CHAPTER 30 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- CHAPTER 31 How The Empire Left The House Of Charlemagne
- CHAPTER 32 How The Crown Of France Passed To The House Of Hugh Capet
- CHAPTER 33 Some Consequences Of The Perpetuity Of Fiefs
- CHAPTER 34 Continuation Of The Same Subject
- 第三十一章 与君主国革命相关的法兰克人的封建法律理论
- 第一节 官职和封地的变化
- 第二节 民政是怎样改革的
- 第三节 宰相的权力
- 第四节 宰相制度所反映的国家特征
- 第五节 宰相们怎样获得军队指挥权
- 第六节 墨洛温时期王权衰落的第二阶段
- 第七节 宰相治理下的重要职位和封地
- 第八节 自由土地如何变为封地
- 第九节 教会的财产如何被改为封地
- 第十节 僧侣的财富
- 第十一节 查理马特尔时代欧洲的情况
- 第十二节 什一税的创立
- 第十三节 主教和修道院院长的选举
- 第十四节 查理马特尔的封地
- 第十五节 续前
- 第十六节 王权和相权的结合。加洛林朝代
- 第十七节 加洛林国王选举的一个特殊事件
- 第十八节 查理曼
- 第十九节 续前
- 第二十节 虔诚路易
- 第二十一节 续前
- 第二十二节 续前
- 第二十三节 续前
- 第二十四节 自由人变得有资格接受封地了
- 第二十五节 加洛林王朝衰弱的主要原因。自由土地的变化
- 第二十六节 封地的变化
- 第二十七节 封地的另一种变化
- 第二十八节 重要官职和封地所发生的变化
- 第二十九节 秃头查理统治后封地的性质
- 第三十节 续前
- 第三十一节 帝国如何摆脱查理曼家族的统治
- 第三十二节 法兰西的王权怎样传给雨格·卡佩家族
- 第三十三节 封地的永久性产生的一些后果
- 第三十四节 续前
- 译者后记
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出版方
中国社会科学出版社
中国社会科学出版社成立于1978年6月,是由中国社会科学院创办并主管的以出版人文社会科学学术著作为主的国家级出版社。1993年和1998年先后荣获中共中央宣传部和国家新闻出版总署授予的全国优秀出版社称号。1993年第一批荣获中共中央宣传部和国家新闻出版署授予的全国优秀出版社称号。