历史 类型
不可朗读 语音朗读
1352千字 字数
2020-01-14 发行日期
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本书提出了一种思考科学和技术历史的新方法：一种关于人类历史的宏大叙事，其中知识是文化进化的关键因素。

内容简介

作者研究了从人类文明的开端到如今的人类世（Anthropocene，人类塑造的新地质时代），知识在全球变革中的作用，以及人们面临的复杂挑战。

作者在一个更广阔的知识历史中重新构建了科学和技术的历史，分析了人类历史中的关键事件，比如：文字的演变、古代世界科学的出现、早期现代性的科学革命、知识的全球化、工业化、现代科学带来的深刻变革等。

他使用多元的学科方法研究知识的进化：从认知科学和实验心理学，到地球科学和进化生物学，为理解知识体系的结构变化提供了一个全新的框架。

目录

  • COPYRIGHT
  • THE Evolution OF Knowledge
  • Explanatory Boxes
  • The Story of This Book
  • A Long-Term Research Project and Its Roots
  • Two Axes of Research
  • The History of Mechanical Thinking
  • Longitudinal Studies of the History of Knowledge
  • Studies of Knowledge Circulation
  • Broader Contexts of Knowledge
  • Toward a Historical Theory of Knowledge
  • Acknowledgments
  • PART 1 WHAT IS SCIENCE? WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE?
  • Chapter 1 History of Science in the Anthropocene
  • Stormy Weather
  • Who Is Destroying Our Planet?
  • The World as a Problem of Knowledge
  • Between the History of Science and the History of Knowledge
  • Science as a Golem
  • How Does Knowledge Evolve?
  • The Heuristic Role of Evolution
  • An Alternative to The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
  • A Global Learning Process?
  • Chapter 2 Elements of a Historical Theory of Human Knowledge
  • The Structure of the Book
  • How Knowledge Structures Change
  • How Knowledge Structures Affect Society and Vice Versa
  • How Knowledge Spreads
  • On What Knowledge Our Future Depends
  • PART 2 HOW KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES CHANGE
  • Chapter 3 The Historical Nature of Abstraction and Representation
  • The Power of Abstraction
  • Philosophical Struggles
  • A Psychological Perspective
  • Piaget's Concept of Abstraction
  • The Roots of Abstraction in Social Practices
  • Actions as Material Practices
  • The Role of Material Embodiments of Knowledge
  • From Genetic to Historical Epistemology
  • Social Cognition in the Historical Context
  • The Generative Ambiguity of External Representations
  • Who Thinks Abstractly?
  • Three Dimensions of Knowledge
  • Chapter 4 Structural Changes in Systems of Knowledge
  • Systems of Knowledge and Their Architecture
  • The Role of Cognitive Science and Darwin's Example
  • Mental Models
  • A Children's Story
  • Default Settings
  • Mental Models in Scientific Thinking
  • How Do Systems of Knowledge Evolve?
  • Triggers of Change
  • The Reorganization of Knowledge
  • Chapter 5 External Representations at Work
  • The Emergence of Arithmetic
  • The Emergence of Writing
  • The Emergence of Chemical Formulas
  • Graphical Representations of Change
  • Chapter 6 Mental Models at Work
  • A Periodization of Mechanical Knowledge
  • Types of Mechanical Knowledge
  • Challenges of Theoretical Mechanical Knowledge
  • Adapting a Mental Model of Intuitive Physics
  • Aristotelianism as Shared Knowledge
  • The Challenging Objects of Early Modern Technology
  • The Emergence of Classical Physics from a Reorganization of Knowledge
  • Chapter 7 The Nature of Scientific Revolutions
  • The Copernican Revolution
  • The Chemical Revolution
  • The Darwinian Revolution
  • Borderline Problems of Classical Physics
  • Exploring the Horizon of Classical Physics
  • The Emergence of an Epistemic Island
  • The Emergence of Special Relativity
  • Developing a Matrix for a New Theory
  • Gravitation as a Trigger of Further Change
  • Einstein's Principle of Equivalence
  • Mathematical Representation versus Physical Interpretation
  • A Transitional Synthesis
  • The Protracted Process of Knowledge Integration
  • PART 3 HOW KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES AFFECT SOCIETY AND VICE VERSA
  • Chapter 8 The Economy of Knowledge
  • Knowledge in Society
  • Practice as a Borderline Problem
  • The Anthropological Gamut
  • Social Institutions
  • Institutions and Knowledge
  • What Is an Economy of Knowledge?
  • Knowledge Transmission Processes
  • External Representations and Knowledge Economy
  • Normative Systems
  • An Entrapment of Mutual Limitation
  • Material Embodiments of Societal Institutions
  • Symptomatic Consequences
  • Chapter 9 An Economy of Practical Knowledge
  • The Knowledge Economy of Building
  • Representations of Building Knowledge
  • Administration and Representation
  • The Emergence of Architecture as a Profession
  • The Formation of Plateaus
  • Canonical Buildings as External Representations
  • Buildings as Collective Experiments
  • The Magnificent Cupola of the Florentine Cathedral
  • Chapter 10 Knowledge Economies in History
  • Knowledge Economy in Nonliterate Societies
  • Knowledge Economy in Early Literate Societies
  • The Example of Mesopotamia
  • Knowledge Production in Religious Frameworks
  • From Religious to Philosophical Knowledge Production
  • The Production of Experiential Knowledge
  • Scientific-Technological Experts
  • The Printing Revolution
  • The Integration of Knowledge Resources
  • The Early Modern Knowledge Society
  • Knowledge Production in the Age of Industrialization
  • The Second Industrial Revolution
  • War as Catalyst of the Knowledge Economy
  • Big Science
  • The Transformative Power of Electronics
  • The Problem of Measuring Scientific Productivity
  • The Rise of New Disciplines
  • Challenging the Authority of Science
  • Academic Capitalism
  • PART 4 HOW KNOWLEDGE SPREADS
  • Chapter 11 The Globalization of Knowledge in History
  • The Need for a Global Perspective
  • Recent Globalization of Science
  • Contradictory Aspects of Globalization
  • The Role of Knowledge in Globalization
  • Ancient Globalizations and Their Sediment
  • The Dynamics of Transmission Processes
  • Globalization as a Condition for the Emergence of Early Modern Science
  • Greek Science as the Result of Cultural Refractions
  • The Renaissances of Greek Science
  • Networks of Translation
  • Iberian Globalization
  • Chapter 12 The Multiple Origins of the Natural Sciences
  • The Need for an Evolutionary Perspective
  • Early Texts on Mechanics in Greece and China
  • The Transmission of European Science to China
  • Transmission in the Age of Colonialization
  • Chapter 13 Epistemic Networks
  • Social Network Analysis
  • Three Dimensions of Epistemic Networks
  • Greek Science as a Network Phenomenon
  • Medieval Knowledge Networks
  • The Illuminating Example of the Sphere
  • The Epistemic Community of General Relativity
  • Historical Network Analysis
  • PART 5 ON WHAT KNOWLEDGE OUR FUTURE DEPENDS
  • Chapter 14 Epistemic Evolution
  • Science Becomes Existential
  • Extended Evolution
  • The Evolution of Technology
  • A Brief History of Space
  • The Emergence of Human Language
  • The Neolithic Revolution
  • Chapter 15 Exodus from the Holocene
  • The Holocene Bubble
  • When Did the Anthropocene Begin?
  • The Nitrogen Story
  • The Threat of Unintended Consequences
  • Chapter 16 Knowledge for the Anthropocene
  • The Place of Humanity in the Anthropocene
  • The Ergosphere
  • Missing Knowledge
  • The Vulnerable Power of Local Knowledge
  • Dark Knowledge
  • Digitization, Intelligent Systems, and Data Capitalism
  • Toward a Web of Knowledge
  • Chapter 17 Science and the Challenges of Humanity
  • Glossary
  • Abstraction and Reflection
  • Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science
  • Complex Systems Theory and Evolution
  • Earth System
  • Epistemic Networks
  • Epistemic Web
  • External Representations
  • Historical Epistemology
  • Knowledge
  • Knowledge Development
  • Knowledge Economy
  • Knowledge Types
  • Language
  • Mental Models
  • Society and Institutions
  • References
  • Index
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出版方

普林斯顿大学出版社

普林斯顿大学出版社成立于1905年，是一家与普林斯顿大学有着紧密合作关系的非营利出版机构。出版经过严格同行评议的书籍，致力于联结不同领域的作者和读者，以促进和丰富全球范围内跨文化的对话与交流。出版社在出版方面奉行最高的学术标准、包容性以及多样性。 普林斯顿大学出版社的书籍获奖无数，包括六次普利策奖，五次班克罗夫特奖，三次美国国家图书奖，以及数百个学术机构颁发的重量级奖项。数十位普林斯顿大学出版社的作者曾荣获各类世界上最负盛名的学术奖项，包括诺贝尔奖、菲尔兹奖和霍尔伯格奖。